This year's winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, Liu Xiaobo, is a fifty-four-year-old dissident muhalif and writer jailed tutuklamak in China. He was detained gözaltına almak at the end of two thousand eight, before the release açıklama of a political reform document he helped organize. "Charter 08"calls for gerektirmek greater freedom of assembly meclis, expression and religion. Last December he was sentenced mahkum etmek to eleven years in prison for inciting kışkırtmak subversion hükümeti devirme.
China says Liu Xiaobo is a criminal and that what he has done goes against the purpose of the Nobel Peace Prize. It says the award could harm zarar vermek relations ilişki between China and Norway.
But the Norwegian Nobel Committee said there is a "close yakın connection between human rights insan hakları and peace." Torbjorn Jaglund is the committee chairman başkan.
Mario Vargas Llosa is the first Nobel winner in literature edebiyat from Latin America since Mexican writer Octavio Paz in nineteen ninety.
There are three chemistry prize winners this year. Two are Japanese, Ei-ichi Negishi of Purdue University in the United States and Akira Suzuki of Hokkaido University. The third is American Richard Heck from the University of Delaware.
They developed a process metot that simplified kolaylaştırmak how carbon atoms are stuck together to produce new materials. Their methods are used to create everything from new drugs to electronics.
The three winners chosen by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences will share the award of one and a half million dollars in December.
This year's prize in physics goes to Russian-born Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, both from Manchester University in Britain. They won for their experiments with a form of carbon called graphene. It started with a simple experiment, using sticky yapışkan tape bant to pick up toplamak pieces of graphite, the same material found in pencils. That was only six years ago.
Graphene is just one atom thick tabaka,thin ince enough to see through içini görmek, but extremely fazlasıyla strong for its size. And electricity can pass through it quickly without much loss of energy. There could be many uses, from electronics to aircraft.
The prize in medicine goes to Britain's Robert Edwards for the development of in-vitro canlı organizma dışında fertilization dölleme. With IVF, eggs are removed from a woman, fertilized in a laboratory and then placed into the womb rahim.
This process has led sebep olmak to the birth of four million people since the first "test-tube baby," Louise Brown, in nineteen seventy-eight. The Catholic Church opposes karşı çıkmak IVF, in part because unused kullanılmayan eggs are often destroyed.
The eighty-five-year-old scientist developed it with British surgeon Patrick Steptoe, who died in nineteen eighty-eight. Nobel winners must be living.
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